Knowledge of the structure of computer systems, hardware components, connection and the way of work, characteristics and standards used. http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/cs141/Site/Home.html, Hardvare University, USA http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~dfg/hardware/hardware.html, ImperialCollege London, Department of Computing, UK http://www.dejazzer.com/coen4710/doc/COEN4710_syllabus_2017.pdf, Marquette University, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering https://openlab.citytech.cuny.edu/emt2370/syllabus/, NewYork CityCollege of Technology, USA